Myrtaceae

Names: Tea tree

Habitat: Swampy, low lying wetlands in New South Wales,
Australia.

Collection:

Part Used: Essential oil.

Constituents:

• Essential oil containing a range of terpenes and sesquiterpenes.

Actions: Anti-microbial

Indications: The essential oil of Ti Tree is an important anti-microbial
that has recently become available in North America. An undoubtedly
useful oil, it has attracted to itself the modern equivalent of
the old snake oil sales ‘persons’! Claims are being made that have
a kernel of truth to them but are exaggerated for promotional reasons.
Never believe advertisements about herbs, question them instead.
The claims may be true, but get the evidence and make up your own
mind. A list of conditions that Melaleuca oil has been suggested
for include: sinusitis, the common cold, sinus blockage, laryngitis,
coughs, apthous ulcers, boils, cuts, bites, sunburn, malaria,
parasites, head lice, herpes simples, herpes progenitalis, impetigo,
psoriasis, infected seborrhoeic dermatitis, ringworm of the scalp,
ringworm, athletes foot, fungal infections of the nails, thrush,
trichomona lvaginitis.

Preparations & Dosage: The oil is for external use
and in people with sensitive skin it should be diluted with a bland
fixed oil such as almond oil. There is currently a wide range of
products on the market that contain the oil. These include toothpaste,
soap, shampoo.

Compositae

Names: Coughwort, Horsehoof, Foal’s Foot.

Habitat: A common wild plant in Britain and Europe, growing in dampplaces.

Collection: The flowers should be gathered before they have fully bloomed (end of February to April) and dried carefully in the shade. The leavesare best collected between May and June. They should be chopped up before theyare dried and stored. The fresh leaves can be used until autumn.

Part Used: Dried flowers and leaves.

Constituents:

• Flavonoids; rutin, hyperoside and isoquercetin

• Mucilage, consisting of polysaccharides based on glucose, galactose, fructose, arabinose and xylose; and inulin

• Pyrrolizidine alkaloids, including senkirkine and tussilagine

• Tannin.
  

Indications: Coltsfoot combines a soothing expectorant effect with an anti-spasmodic action. There are useful levels of zinc in the leaves. This mineral has been shown to have marked anti-inflammatory effects. Coltsfoot may be used in chronic or acute bronchitis, irritating coughs, whooping coughs and asthma.
Its soothing expectorant action gives Coltsfoot a role in most respiratory conditions, including the chronic states of emphysema. As a mild diuretic it has been used in cystitis. The fresh bruised leaves can be applied to boils, abscesses and suppurating ulcers.

Priest & Priest tell us that it is a “diffusive expectorant, sedative and demulcent: suitable for debilitated and chronic conditions,
especially where there is a tubercular diathesis.” They give the following specific indications: chronic pulmonary conditions, chronicemphysema and silicosis, pertussis, asthma.

King’s says that “It relieves irritation of the mucous tissues. The decoction is usually administered in doses of from l to 3 or 4 fluid ounces and has been found useful in coughs, asthma, whooping cough
, laryngitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, and other pulmonary affections; in gastric and intestinal catarrh; and said to be useful in scrofula. The powdered leaves form a good errhine for giddiness, headache, nasal obstructions. Used externally, in form of poultice, to scrofulous tumors.”

Combinations: In the treatment of coughs it may be used with
White Horehound, Mullein or Elecampane.

Preparations & Dosage: Infusion: pour a cup of boiling water onto l-2 teaspoonfuls of the dried flowers of leaves and let infuse for l0 minutes. This should be drunk three times a day, as hot as possible. Tincture: take 2-4ml of the tincture three times a day.

Compositeae

Names: Purple Coneflower

Habitat: Throughout North American prairies, plains, and open
woodlands.

Part Used: The root.

Constituents:

• Echinacoside, in E. angustifolia but not E.
  purpurea.Research suggests that the echinacosides glycosides appear to be
  primary anti-microbial constituents in Echinacea. However there are many
  other biologically active substances present, and there is evidence that they
  work synergistically. The polysaccharides, for example, possess the best immune
  stimulating properties and are also antiviral.

• Unsaturated isobutyl amides, echinacin and others, in E. angustifolia
  and E. pallida.

• Polysaccharides; a heteroxylan and an arabinorhamnogalactan

• Polyacetylenes, at least 13 of which have been isolated. It has been
  postulated that these are artifacts formed during storage, since they are found
  in dried but not fresh roots of E. pallida.

• Essential oil, containing humulene, caryophyllene and its epoxide,
  germacrene D and methyl-p-hydroxycinnamate

• Miscellaneous; vanillin linolenic acid derivatives, a labdane derivative,
  alkanes and flavonoids and the alkaloids tussilagine and isotussilagine.
  

Note: Sesquiterpene esters which were originally identified in
commercial samples of E. purpurea have since been shown to be due to the
presence of an adulterant, Parthenium integrifolium L. (American
Feverfew). It appears that this adulteration may be widespread in commercial
samples.

Actions: Anti-microbial, immunomodulator, anti-catarrhal, alterative.

Indications: Echinacea is one of the primary remedies for
helping the body rid itself of microbial infections. It is often effective
against both bacterial and viral attacks, and may be used in conditions such as
boils, septicaemia and similar infections. In conjunction with other herbs it
may be used for any infection anywhere in the body. For example in combination
with Yarrow or Bearberry it will effectively stop cystitis. It is especially
useful for infections of the upper respiratory tract such as laryngitis,
tonsillitis and for catarrhal conditions of the nose and sinus. In general it
may be used widely and safely. The tincture or decoction may be used as a
mouthwash in the treatment of pyorrhoea and gingivitis. It may be used as an
external lotion to help septic sores and cuts. Much research is focussing upon
this plant, providing important insights into its activity and potential uses.
Glycosides from the roots have mild activity against Streptococci and
Staphylococcus aureus. Echinacoside was the most active with about 6 mg
being equivalent to one unit of penicillin. The tincture was able to reduce
both the rate of growth and the rate of reproduction of Trichomonas
vaginalis, and was found to be effective in halting the recurrence of
Candida albicans infection. It seems to prevent infection and repair
tissue damaged by infection, partially through inhibiting the activity of the
enzyme hyaluronidase. The hyaluronidase system is a primary defense
mechanism, involving connective “ground” substance, or hyaluronic acid, acting
as a barrier against pathogenic organisms. Some pathogens activate an enzyme,
hyaluronidase, which once activated destroys the integrity of the ground
substance. This causes the barrier to become leaky, allowing pathogens to
invade, attach themselves to exposed cells, penetrate the membrane and kill the
cell. The result as an inflammatory infection. Echinacea inhibits the
action of hyaluronidase by bonding with it in some way, resulting in a
temporary increase in the integrity of the barrier. Fewer pathogens are able to
stimulate the destruction of the ground substance. A range of constituents
mediate this process, especially a complex polysaccharide called echinacin B.
This anti-hyaluronidase action is involved in regeneration of connective tissue
destroyed during infection and in the elimination of pathogenic organisms
creating the infection. Purified polysaccharides prepared from Echinacea
possess a strong activating force on the body’s macrophage-mediated defense
system. These macrophages initiate the destruction of pathogens and cancer
cells. Echinacea activates macrophages by itself, independent of any
effect with T-cells. A tumor-inhibiting principle has been found, a oncolytic
lipid-soluble hydrocarbon from the essential oil. The echinacosides glycosides
appear to be the primary `antibiotics’, but there are many other active
substances present which probably function synergistically. The polysaccharides
possess the best immune stimulating properties and are also antiviral. Other
constituents have been shown to possess good anti-tumor, bacteriostatic, and
anesthetic activity.

This all points to the conclusion that its actions relate to immune system
functioning on some level, helping deal with infections and stimulating the
immune response. It activates the macrophages that destroy both cancerous cells
and pathogens, increases the level of phagocytosis by raising levels of white
blood cells such as the neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and B lymphocytes.
It also has an effect on properidin levels, indication an activation of the
complement system.

Preparations & Dosage: Decoction: put 1-2 teaspoonfuls of the root
in one cup of water and bring it slowly to boil. Let it simmer for 10-15
minutes. This should be drunk three times a day. Tincture: take 1-4 ml of the
tincture three times a day. Echinacea is often, inappropriately, used as
a daily `immune support’ (whatever that is!). A quote from Dr. Daniel Mowrey’s
excellent review of Echinacea in Next Generation Herbal Medicine is
pertinent here:

“Daily intake should be restricted to what is deemed necessary. During cold
and flu season, two to four capsules per day is sufficient. In the presence of
acute infection, that dosage may be increased, without danger, to more than 8
capsules. In the presence of chronic infections, such as chronic hepatitis,
echinacea may be used continuously for several months. However, for the
maintenance of a healthy immune system, echinacea is most wisely used
periodically–a few weeks on, and a few weeks off, throughout the year.
Echinacea is not a tonic in all aspects; granted that it has been observed to
stabilize the production of neutrophils, such tonic action has not been
observed on other immune factors, such as properdin production. In the absence
of conclusive experimental findings, it is both safe and wise to assume that
the constant, unremitting use of echinacea could be stressful on certain
aspects of the immune system. During breaks, the immune system will adapt and
increase in natural strength.”

Citations from the Medline database for the genus Echinacea

Echinacea

Bauer R Foster S
Analysis of alkamides and caffeic acid derivatives from Echinacea simulata
and E. paradoxa roots.

Papilionaceae

Names: Foenugreek

Habitat: North Africa, India, cultivated worldwide.

Part Used: Seeds.

Constituents:

• Volatile oil, containing3-hydroxy-4, 5-dimethyl-2-furanone, dihydrobenzofuran, dihydroactinidiolide, muurolene, elemene, selinene
• Alkaloids, including trigonelline, gentianine
  and carpaine
• Saponins, based mainly on the sapogenins diosgenin and its isomer yamogenin, gitogenin and tigogenin
• Flavonoids, including vitexin and its glycosides and esters, isovitexin, orientin, vicenins l and 2, quercetin and luteolin
• Mucilage; mostly a galactomannan

Actions: Expectorant, demulcent, vulnerary, anti-inflammatory, anti-spasmodic, tonic, emmenagogue, galactogogue, hypotensive.

Indications: Fenugreek is a herb that has an ancient history. It was rarely used in Britain during the hay day of herbal medicine due to difficulties in obtaining the spice. Since becoming easily available it has often been overlooked because herbal tradition rarely mentioned it. For a comprehensive discussion of Fenugreek you must refer to an herbal or materia medica of Ayurvedic medicine. Its limited use in Britain demonstrates its value as a
vulnerary, healing and reducing inflammation in conditions such as wounds, boils, sores, fistulas and tumors. It can be taken to help bronchitis and gargled to ease sore throats. Its bitterness explains its role in soothing disturbed digestion. It is a strong stimulator of milk production in mothers, for which it is perfectly safe, and has a reputation of stimulating development of the breasts.

Preparations & Dosage: Poultice; for external use,
the seeds should be pulverized to make a poultice. Decoction: to increase milk production, gently simmer l l/2 teaspoonfuls of the seeds in a cup of water for l0 minutes. Drink a cup three times a day. To make a more pleasant drink, add l teaspoonful of Aniseed to this mixture.

Tincture: take l-2ml of the tincture three times a day.

Citations from the Medline database for the genus Trigonella

FenugreekAbdo MS al-Kafawi AA Experimental studies on the effect of Trigonella foenum-graecum.

Planta Med 1969 Feb;17(1):14-8Ahsan SK Tariq M Ageel AM al-Yahya MA Shah AH Effect of Trigonella foenum-graecum and Ammi majus on calcium oxalateurolithiasis in rats.

J Ethnopharmacol 1989 Oct;26(3):249-54Ajabnoor MA Tilmisany AK Effect of Trigonella foenum
graceum on blood glucose levels in normal and alloxan-diabetic mice.

J Ethnopharmacol 1988 Jan;22(1):45-9Elmadfa I Koken M [Effect of vitamin E and protein quality on the hemolytic effect ofTrigonella sapogenins in rats]

Z Ernahrungswiss 1980 Dec;19(4):280-9 (Published in German)Ghafghazi T Sheriat HS Dastmalchi T Barnett RC Antagonism of cadmium and alloxan-induced
hyperglycemia in rats by Trigonella foenum graecum.

Pahlavi Med J 1977 Jan;8(1):14-25Mishkinsky JS Goldschmied A Joseph B Ahronson Z Sulman FG Hypoglycaemic effect of Trigonella foenum graecum and Lupinus termis (leguminosae) seeds and their major alkaloids in alloxan-diabetic and normalrats.

Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 1974 Jul;210(1):27-37

Actions indicated for the processes behind this Disease

Alteratives offer the most in treating this conditions, although I am unable to give a satisfactory explanation of how they work or why.

Anti-Microbials help the body rid itself of the infections. In this case it is difficult to say whether this is a direct bacteriocidal effect or an indirect stimulation of the immune response.

Lymphatic Tonics support in a general way the drainage of fluid.

Diuretics are especially important in supporting the eliminative work of the kidneys.

Hepatics are similarly helpful for the liver.

Vulnerary/Anti-Inflammatory/Anti-Pruritic/Astringent may all be helpful topically.

Iris versicolor, Phytolacca decandra, Echinacea spp., Larreadivericata

Echinacea spp. 3 parts

Galium aparine 2 parts

Iris versicolor 1 part

Rumex crispus 1 part

Phytolacca decandra 1 part to 5ml of tincture three times a day

Urtica dioica drink as an infusion, preferable fresh herb, twice a day

• Alteratives (Iris versicolor, Echinacea spp., Galium aparine, Rumex crispus, Phytolacca decandra, Urtica dioica)
  
• Anti-microbials (Echinacea spp.)
  
• Lymphatic Tonics (Galium aparine, Phytolacca decandra)
  
• Diuretics (Galium aparine, Urtica dioica)
  
• Hepatics (Iris versicolor, Rumex crispus)

The History of Acupressure

Because acupressure evolved from acupuncture, an ancient Chinese healing practice, the history of this form of treatment begins with traditional Chinese philosophy as it applies to the healing arts. The fundamental principle of Chinese philosophy is the concept of yin and yang. The yin and yang are two opposite, yet complementary, forever-entwined forces that underlie all aspects of life. Yin-yang is depicted as the subtly curved light and dark halves of a circle. Both proceed from the t’ai chi (the Supreme Ultimate). According to this philosophical system, the human body, like all matter, is made up of five elements: wood, fire, earth, metal, and water. Each element corresponds to an aspect of the body, such as the organs, senses, tissues, and emotions, as well as to aspects of nature, such as direction, season, color, and climate. The five-element theory, combined with the principle of yin and yang, forms the basis of the Chinese concept of balance. The intention is to balance yin and yang and to balance the energies of the five elements.

Yin is earthy, female, dark, passive, receptive, and absorbing. It is represented by the moon, the tiger, the color orange, a broken line, and the shady side of a hill. Yin is cool, inward, still, and soft.

Yang is represented by the sun, the dragon, the color blue, an unbroken line, and the sunny side of a hill. Yang is hot, outward, moving, aggressive, and bright.

Because yin and yang are intertwined halves of the same whole, all things, and all people, contain elements of both, although at any one time, one or the other will be predominant. Thus, a baby or young child is more yin; an older child more yang. When your child asserts herself, it is her yang that is coming to the fore.

The sun is yang, the moon is yin. We awaken in the morning and greet the sun. It is natural to be active and moving throughout the daylight. As twilight descends into night, we become more passive and quiet. Nighttime expresses the qualities of yin.

Chinese medical theory teaches that the two branches of the body’s nervous system, the sympathetic and parasympa-thetic, correspond to the two halves of the yin-yang circle. The sympathetic branch is the part of the nervous system that mobilizes our bodies to respond to stress. It initiates the fight-or-flight re-sponse, a more yang part of the cycle. The parasympathetic branch replen-ishes and supports the body during rest, the yin part of the cycle. These two branches oppose and balance each other to create stability and health. When the yin and yang are balanced within the body, all the body’s functions are healthy. Illness is caused by an imbalance between yin and yang.

Conventional Western medicine typically pinpoints and directly treats only the affected part of the body. Chinese medical philosophy encompasses the entire universe. Everything that affects the patient is considered, including emotion, environment, and diet.

Chinese philosophy proposes a way of life based on living in accordance with the laws of nature. This profound connection with nature is reflected in the language used to describe illness. For example, a patient may be diagnosed with a “wind invasion” or “excess
heat.” Acupuncture (or acupressure) points may be chosen to “disperse wind,” “remove summer damp,” or “disperse rising fire.”

In traditional Chinese medicine, every aspect of health is described in terms of a balance between yin and yang. For example, yin illnesses are caused by excessive expansion (overweight as a result of eating too much sugar, for example), while yang illnesses are caused by excessive contraction (sunstroke or fever). An imbalance of yin and yang factors can be demonstrated by showing how red blood cells respond to different substances. When red blood cells are placed in water (yin), they absorb the water, expand, and finally burst. When red blood cells are placed in a concentrated saline (salt) solution (yang), they contract, shrink, and shrivel. In a solution of normal saline (0.9 percent salt), the yin and yang are perfectly balanced and the cells remain virtually unchanged. An example of how the ancient yin-yang theory can be used to describe concepts in conventional medicine can be found in the treatment of breast and prostate cancer: Female hormones (yin) help control prostate cancer (yang); male hormones (yang) help control breast cancer (yin). The interplay of the yin and yang-as one increases, the other decreases-describes the process of the universe and everything in it. In more familiar Western terms, as modern physical science teaches, “For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.”

The Five Elements and Their Correspondences
in Nature and the Human Body

In traditional Chinese Philosophy, all matter is considered to be composed of five elements (wood, fire, earth, metal, and water). The elements in turn have correspondences in various aspects of the natural world, including the human body. According to this philosophy, health is achieved when yin and yang, and the energies of the five elements, are all in proper balance. The elements and some of their corresponding characteristics and parts of the body are illustrated in the chart below.
THINGS IN NATURE	ELEMENT
	Wood	Fire	Earth	Metal	Water
Direction	East	South	Middle	West	North
Taste	Sour	Bitter	Sweet	Pungent	Salty
Color	Green	Red	Yellow	White	Black
Growth Cycle	Germination	Growth	Ripening	Harvest	Storing
Environmental Factor	Wind	Heat	Dampness	Dryness	Cold
Season	Spring	Summer	Late Summer	Autumn	Winter
HUMAN BODY
Organs	Liver, gallbladder	Heart, small intestine	Spleen, stomach	Lung, large intestine	Kidney, bladder
Sense/Organ	Eye	Tongue	Mouth	Nose	Ear
Tissue	Tendon	Vessel	Muscle	Skin and hair	Bone
Emotion	Anger	Joy	Meditation	Grief and Melancholy	Fright and fear

In Chinese philosophy, the energy that pulses through all things, animate and inanimate, is called chit Health exists when there is a harmonious balance under heaven of both internal and external forces. Each bodily organ must have the right amount of chi to function. Too much or too little chi causes an imbalance, resulting in illness or disease. Chi flows through all things, enters and passes through the body, creating harmony or disharmony.

Chinese medicine works directly with the natural, vital energy-or chi-of the body. The goal of acupuncture and acupressure is to normalize the body’s energies. Chi can tee tapped at specific points along channels known as meridians. Activating one key point sets up a predictable reaction in another area. By tonifying (increasing energy in) a specific area, the yin-yang balance is treated. Moving an excess of chi from one area and directing it to another, weaker area, corrects the yin-yang balance.

Acupuncture is an ancient protocol. As a component of Oriental medicine, it has been practiced for centuries. The Huangdi Neijing (Canon of Medicine), written about 500-300 B.C., is the oldest surviving medical text. Among other medical practices, it describes the use of acupuncture.

Acupressure Today

Acupressure is a form of body work in which pressure is applied to specific acupuncture points to balance internal function. Acupressure is practiced around the world.

The Chinese have a very descriptive term for taking advantage of a combination of two or more healing systems-a practice this book advocates. They say the’ patient is “walking on two legs.” A two-year study conducted jointly by the Northwestern University Medical School and Evanston Hospital in Evanston, Illinois employed a combination of acupuncture and acupressure. In this study, patients suffering from chronic head aches of all types, including migraine, cluster, whiplash, and tension, were first treated with acupuncture. The patients were then individually instructed in specific acupressure techniques to use when a headache seemed imminent. The researchers reported that the need for prescription painkillers and other drugs was eliminated entirely in most patients-thus verifying the effectiveness of “walking on two legs.”

Working with an Acupressurist

There are professionally trained and college-educated acupressurists, just as there are acupuncturists. If you wish to consult a trained acupressurist, check the yellow pages of your telephone book. You’ll find this category listed in most large cities.

For the most part, though, the gentle form of acupressure recommended in the Treatment and Care entries in Part Two of this book is something you can do yourself, at home, to ease a hurting or ailing child.

Treating Your Child with Acupressure

In The Chinese Art of Healing (Bantam, 1972), author Stephan Palos identifies the hand as “man’s original medical tool.” We instinctively use our hands to alleviate pain. When we suffer a bump or bruise, have a cramp, or hurt anywhere inside, we rub, knead, or massage the painful spot.

When your child is ill, gently working the acupressure points recommended in the appropriate entry in Part Two will probably be beneficial (the illustrations in Part Three provide guidelines for locating all of the acupressure points recommended). Your child will very likely love receiving an acupressure treatment.

Massaging a particular point will help relieve symptoms as well as strengthen and balance the yin-yang in your child’s body. For example, applying acupressure to the point identified as “Large Intestine 11” helps relax the intestine, thus relieving constipation. Another related

point is Stomach 36; massaging Stomach 36 helps tone an upset digestive tract. When your child is ill, the appropriate acupressure points, as well as other areas of your child’s body, will be tender. Use your intuitive sense. Ask what feels good.

Common Acupressure Points

In acupressure, there are twelve lines c ailed meridians that run along each side of the body. Each pair of meridians corresponds to a specific organ. For example, there is a pair of Lung meridians, Spleen meridians, Stomach meridians, and Liver meridians. Acupressure points are named for the meridian they lie on, and each is given a number according to where along the meridian it falls. Thus, Spleen 6 is the sixth point on the Spleen meridian. The table on page 38 lists some of the acupressure points most often recommended in the entries in Part Two of this book.

Administering Acupressure

When you give your child an acupressure treatment, your tools are your hands, notably your thumbs and fingers, and occasionally your palms. For the most part, you will be using the balls of your thumbs and fingers, never the nails. Before administering acupressure, make sure your fingernails are clipped short, so that you do not inadvertently scratch your child.

Choose a time of day when your child is most relaxed, perhaps after a warm bath and just before bedtime. Have her take a few deep breaths. This aids relaxation and will automatically focus your child’s attention inward on her body.

You might want to start an acupressure session with a loving and comforting back rub, a treat most children welcome, especially when ill. Remain calm and unhurried. Make sure to keep your child warm throughout the treatment. You can apply pressure to the points directly onto the skin, or through a shirt or light sheet.

Work right-side and left-side acupressure points at the same time. Use your fingers or thumbs to apply threshold pressure to the point. Threshold pressure is firm pressure, just on the verge of becoming painful The idea is to stimulate the point without causing the body to tighten up or retract a the pain. The pressure you exert should not hurt your child. Firm but gentle is the rule.

Apply from one to five minutes of continuous pressure. Or apply pressure for ten seconds, release for ten seconds, reapply pressure for ten seconds, release for ten seconds. Repeat this cycle five times.

To learn how to locate specific acupressure points, specific points
which are helpful for different childhood conditions are
included in
Administering an Acupressure Treatment.

When your child is ill, acupressure is a wonderful way to use your hands with a loving, nurturing touch, while also stimulating your child’s body to heal. By using the acupressure points described in this book, you will be working to relieve the underlying cause of illness. At the same time, your gentle healing touch will convey your love and concern to your child.

Common Acupressure Points

Point	Effect	Indications
Bladder 23	Increases circulation to the urinary tract and reproductive organs.	Vaginitis, urinary tract infection; lower back pain.
Bladder 28	Master point for the bladder.	Urinary tract infection.
Bladder 60	Increases circulation to the urinary tract and reproductive organs.	Urinary tract infection.
Four Gates	Motion sickness; chickenpox; croup; hay fever; herpes; hyperactivity; pain; fever; poison ivy; sleeplessness; weight problems.	Urinary tract infection.
Kidney 3	Strengthens the bladder and kidneys; increases circulation to the reproductive organs.	Bedwetting; urinary tract infection; vaginitis.
Kidney 7	Strengthens the bladder and kidneys.	Bedwetting.
Large Intestine 4	Beneficial to the head and face; relieves congestion and headaches; removes energy blocks in the large intestine; clears heat.	Acne; common cold; headache; menstrual cramps; teething; sore throat; fever; toothache.
Large Intestine 11	Relieves itching; reduces allergic reactions.	Chickenpox; hay fever; constipation.
Large Intestine 20	Decreases sinus congestion.	Hay fever; sinusitis.
Liver 3	Quiets the nervous system; relaxes muscle cramps and spasms.	Asthma; menstrual cramps; teething; headache; eye pain.
Liver 7	Clears the lungs; moistens the throat.	Asthma; common cold; sore throat.
Neck and Shoulder Release	Relaxes the muscles of the neck and shoulders; relaxes the body.	Headache; weight problems.
Pericardium 6	Relaxes the chest; relieves nausea; relaxes the ming.	Asthma; motion sickness; croup; sleeplessness; stomachache; vomiting.
Points Along Either Side of the Spine	Improves circulation; relaxes the nervous system; balances the respiratory system; relaxes the spine.	Anxiety; colic; common cold; menstrual cramps; nervousness; insomnia.
Spleen 6	Reduces uterine cramping.	Menstrual cramps.
Spleen 10	Detoxifies the blood.	Acne; herpes; impetigo; poison ivy, boils, vaginitis.
Stomach 36	Tones the digestive system; strengthens overall wellbeing.	Colic; diarrhea; chronic runny nose; vomiting, constipation, indigestion; stomachache.

From Smart Medicine for a Healthier Child by Janet Zand, N.D., L.Ac., Robert Rountree, MD, Rachel Walton, RN, ©1994. Published by Avery Publishing, New York. For personal use only; neither the digital nor printed copy may be copied or sold. Reproduced by permission.

Think zinc! This slogan comes to mind as I begin this section. Zinc has so many important functions and potential uses that both doctors and patients should think of zinc more often for handling many day-to-day problems. Zinc deficiency is fairly common now as a result of soil losses and losses in food processing, and this deficiency or depletion can produce a variety of symptoms.

More than 50 years ago, in 1934, zinc essentiality was first suggested. Not until the early 1960s, however, was it known that low intake or low body stores of zinc can cause deficiency symptoms. In recent years, since the discovery that this mineral is becoming less available in our soil and thus in our food chain, zinc has been given more attention, and increased research has produced much new information. We now know that zinc is needed in probably more than 100 enzymes and is probably involved in more body functions than any other mineral. It is important in normal growth and development, the maintenance of body tissues, sexual function, the immune system, and detoxification of chemicals and metabolic irritants. Carbohydrate metabolism is influenced by zinc, and zinc is needed in the synthesis of DNA, which aids our body’s healing process. Zinc is often helpful in reducing healing time after surgery or burns, in many male prostate problems, in skin diseases, and in many other difficulties.

Zinc is found in the body in small amounts, only about 2-2.5 grams total. Of the trace minerals, it is second in concentration to iron, with 33 ppm to iron’s 60 ppm. (Although fluoride is found at 37 ppm in the average human body, it is still questionable whether it is essential. This 37 ppm is also a result of the use of fluoridated water, vitamins, and stannous fluoride toothpaste.) Though zinc is the twenty-fifth most abundant element in the earth’s crust, measuring about 0.01 percent, it is water soluble both in the soil and in food. Rains can wash zinc (as well as iodine, sulfur, and selenium) from our farming soils, as can modern agricultural techniques. When we cook food, much of the zinc may go into the water, as do other minerals and vitamins, so the cooking liquids, especially from vegetables, should be consumed as well. More importantly, when foods are processed, as in the refining of grains, much of the zinc is lost, along with manganese, chromium, molybdenum, and B vitamins. Usually, only iron and sometimes vitamins B1 and B2 are added back in “enriched” foods (and this iron isn’t even in the easily usable form). Adding zinc, manganese, chromium, and more B vitamins such as B6, would be much better and help us avoid common deficiencies.

Zinc absorption may vary from about 20-40 percent of ingested zinc, depending mainly on body needs and stomach acid concentrations. Like iron, zinc from animal foods where it is bound with proteins has been shown to be better absorbed. When bound with the phytates or oxalates found in grains and vegetables, less zinc is absorbed. Calcium, phosphorus, copper, iron, lead, and cadmium all compete with zinc for absoprtion. Milk and eggs reduce zinc absorption. Fiber foods, bran, and phytates, found mainly in the outer covering of grains, may also inhibit zinc absorption. Phytic acid may combine with the zinc in the upper intestine before this mineral can be absorbed.

The zinc-cadmium relationship is interesting. Cadmium is considered a potentially toxic heavy metal. When it contaminates our food, it is found in the center of grain; zinc is found mainly in the grain covering. So eating whole grains, which have a higher amount of zinc than of cadmium, will reduce any possible absorption of cadmium. With refining of grains into flour, the zinc-cadmium ratio is decreased, and cadmium is more likely to be absorbed and cause problems.

In the human body, the 2.5 grams of zinc are stored in a variety of tissues. It is most concentrated in the prostate and semen, which suggests zinc’s tie to male sexual function (impotence can be related to low zinc). The next most concentrated tissues are the retina of the eye, heart, spleen, lungs, brain, and adrenal glands. The skin contains a high amount of zinc, but it is less concentrated than in the organ tissues. Nails, hair, and teeth also have some zinc, and this mineral is important to those tissues as well.

Zinc is eliminated through the gastrointestinal tract in the feces. Some is also eliminated in the urine; alcohol use increases urinary losses of zinc. Zinc is also lost in the sweat, possibly as much as 2-3 mg. in a day. Stress, burns, surgery, and weight loss all seem to increase body losses of zinc.

In evaluating body zinc status, plasma or serum zinc levels may not reflect body stores; however, if they are low, zinc is likely deficient. Low hair levels appear to reflect zinc deficiency, which then should be substantiated through a blood test. High hair zinc levels may also be seen with zinc deficiency, though this is not as correlative as low hair levels. In general, the red blood cell (or white blood cell) measurement of zinc may be most indicative of the body’s true status of zinc nutriture.

Sources: Most animal foods contain adequate amounts of zinc. Oysters are particularly high, with more than ten times as much as other sources (they are also high in copper and, possibly, in ocean-polluting chemicals and metals). Zinc is added to animal feeds to increase growth rates, so meat usually contains high amounts. Red meats (beef, lamb, and pork) and liver are fairly high; herring is good, as are egg yolks and milk products (though the zinc in eggs and milk products may not be as available to the body as that found in other sources). Other fish and poultry also contain fair zinc levels. As with iron, the zinc in animal foods seems to be better absorbed than that in the vegetable sources, but one can reduce meat foods and eat whole grains and beans and still obtain adequate zinc. Overall, though, in my experience it is not easy for most people eating a relatively healthy diet to obtain the minimum requirement of 15 mg. daily unless they focus on zinc-containing foods.

Whole grains such as whole wheat, rye, and oats are rich in zinc and are good sources for vegetarians. Even though the mineral from these foods is utilized less well because the fiber and phytates in the grain covering bind some zinc in the gastrointestinal tract, much of the zinc in these foods is still available to the body. Nuts are fairly good sources, with pecans and Brazil nuts the highest. Pumpkin seeds contain zinc and are thought to be helpful to the prostate gland. Ginger root is a good zinc source, as are mustard, chili powder, and black pepper. In general, fruits and vegetables are not good zinc sources, although peas, carrots, beets, and cabbage contain some zinc.

The zinc in grains is found mainly in the germ and bran coverings, so refining them will lower the zinc content. Approximately 80 percent of zinc is lost in making white flour from whole wheat. Since zinc is soluble in water, canning foods or cooking in water can cause zinc losses. Zinc losses have also been prevalent in agricultural soils, and it is therefore less available in foods. Chemical fertilizers also decrease zinc soil levels. Many soils-nearly 30 states in the United States-are deficient in zinc. Water, especially from some wells, contains zinc. Water was a better source when some of the water pipes were galvanized (containing zinc), as were some cooking pots. Now, water pipes are more commonly made of copper, which can become toxic at higher levels.

Functions: Zinc is involved in a multitude of human body functions and is part of many enzyme systems. With regard to metabolism, zinc is part of alcohol dehydrogenase, which helps the liver detoxify alcohols, including ethanol (drinking alcohol), methanol, ethylene glycol, and retinol (vitamin A). Zinc is also thought to help utilize and maintain body levels of vitamin A. Through this action, zinc may help maintain healthy skin cells and thus may be helpful in generating new skin after burns or injury. By helping collagen formation, zinc may also improve wound healing. Zinc aids the skin’s oil glands and so may help in acne problems.

Zinc is needed for lactate and malate dehydrogenases, both important in energy production. Zinc is a cofactor for the enzyme alkaline phosphatase, which helps contribute phosphates to bones. Zinc is also part of bone and tooth structure. Zinc is important to male sex organ function and reproductive fluids.
It is in high concentration in the prostate gland as well as in the eye, liver, and muscle tissues suggesting its functions in those areas.

Zinc in carboxypeptidase (a digestive enzyme) helps in protein digestion. Zinc is important for synthesis of nucleic acids, both DNA and RNA. In fact, we are finding that zinc has some antioxidant function. As part of superoxide dismutase (SOD), it helps protect cells from free radicals. Through this antioxidant effect, zinc is also helpful in cell membrane structure and function.

Zinc has also been shown to support immune function. Zinc will improve antibody response to vaccines and can improve cell-mediated immunity by helping regulate the function of the white blood cells. A somewhat higher amount of zinc has caused an increase in production of T lymphocytes, important agents in cell-mediated immunity.

Zinc is important to normal insulin activity and seems related to normal taste sensation. Zinc may have an anti-inflammatory function, especially in the joints and artery linings. It may also be involved in brain function, in maintaining acid-alkaline balance through carbonic anhydrase, another zinc-containing enzyme, and in phosphorus metabolism.

More research is needed on this important mineral. As zinc, due to its function in many enzymes, is so important to chemical detoxification and our ability to handle environmental chemicals and toxins, zinc deficiency may be an underlying factor in those people who become environmentally sensitive. This is just one example of where further zinc research may be valuable.

Uses: Just as it has many functions, zinc has a wide variety of clinical uses. Some of these regularly show very positive results; other uses have variable outcomes, and some new therapeutic trials are under way.

Zinc is used commonly to enhance wound healing. Taken before and after surgery, zinc has been shown in numerous studies to speed recovery time and reduce the incidence of postoperative complications, such as wound infections. This use has the potential to greatly cut down on hospital costs. In some studies, the hospital stay has been reduced by more than half. Zinc may be helpful in speeding healing after burns or injury as well. This wound-healing effect is a likely result of zinc’s function in DNA synthesis. The results seem to be particularly pronounced when there is zinc deficiency prior to the treatment. In many of the wound-healing studies, zinc dosages of 150 mg. per day were used. It is possible that lower amounts, even 30-60 mg. per day, would produce these effects.

Zinc may be useful in treating such skin problems as boils, bedsores, general dermatitis, and acne. Research on zinc and acne shows variable results, but many teenagers and others have been helped, especially when zinc deficiency was present; it is likely that other factors and nutrients are also involved in acne. Leg ulcers have healed more rapidly with zinc treatment in a dose of 150 mg. per day. Internally, gastric ulcers have responded favorably to zinc in a similar dosage. Psoriasis is even occasionally responsive to zinc supplementation. White spots on the fingernails, which can be a result of zinc deficiency, may respond also to zinc treatment. Zinc may also be helpful to general nail health, as well as skin and hair health. Cataracts also seem to be associated with zinc deficiency and have been helped by treatment.

My friendly travel agent developed a case of hoarseness that persisted for more than a month. Her otolaryngologist diagnosed chronic inflammation and had suggested long-term quietude and learning to live with it—neither of which was a big hit. In passing (I was quite aware of the foibles of her diet), I suggested zinc lozenges. She began sucking on 3–4 daily and within a week her voice was back. In this case, the $5 bottle of zinc helped more than the $70 office visit. I believe that she was zinc deficient, and that the zinc supplement helped to heal her inflamed tissue.

Zinc is used in a variety of immune problems. It is one of the supportive nutrients used to treat lowered immunity. Zinc has been shown to increase T lymphocyte production and enhance other white blood cell functions. Recent double-blind studies verify that zinc therapy is helpful in reducing the incidence and severity of colds and other infections. Also, infections such as herpes, trichomoniasis, or AIDS may be curtailed some with zinc, especially if it is deficient. Sucking a 25-50 mg. dissolvable zinc lozenge can provide dramatic relief in some cases of sore throat and has been shown to prevent the progression of viral flu symptoms. Individuals with allergies and environmental sensitivities may benefit from zinc supplementation. Measuring zinc status and following it during treatment may be useful in validating its positive effects.

For male prostate problems, there is no scientific evidence that zinc works, though there are a great many anecdotal accounts from men who claim to have been helped by zinc. Mild or persistent nonbacterial infections or congestion have commonly been helped by oral zinc treatments. Of course, when zinc deficiency produces such sexual symptoms as infertility, impotency, or poor sexual development, supplementation of this mineral may have great benefit. There is some suggestion that the prostate enlargement that comes with age, termed benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), is related to low zinc (and cadmium toxicity), and that regular zinc supplementation may prevent this common problem. More research is needed to clearly evaluate zinc’s relationship to prostate and sexual health.

Zinc may also be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis, for which it has been shown to reduce symptoms; in preventing dental caries by strengthening tooth enamel; and with symptoms of heart disease, where the zinc-copper ratio may be important. The use of zinc in cancer prevention and the support of patients with cancers such as Hodgkin’s disease and leukemia has been the subject of some interest.

Zinc therapy can reduce cadmium toxicity from pollution or from cadmium in water or foods. Cadmium toxicity may aggravate hypertension, atherosclerosis, and heart disease and produce complications of hypertension or stroke.

Zinc with vitamin B6 has also been used in the nutritional treatment of schizophrenia and, given along with manganese, has been helpful in some cases of senility. Zinc treatment may help with the loss of taste sensation that comes especially with aging, which is often due to zinc deficiency, and it may help stimulate the taste for food in patients with anorexia nervosa. Menstrual irregularity and female sexual organ difficulties may have some relationship to zinc levels and be helped by zinc therapy, though copper may be more important for these areas in women.

Deficiency and toxicity: Zinc is fairly nontoxic, especially in amounts of less than 100-150 mg. of elemental zinc daily, though this much zinc is probably not really needed and may interfere with the assimilation of other minerals. Zinc salts such as gluconate or sulfate are commonly available in 220 mg. tablets or capsules, each providing 55 mg. of elemental zinc. Taking one of these two or three times daily may cause some gastrointestinal irritation, nausea, or diarrhea but is more likely to have positive effects. Excessive supplementation may cause some immune suppression, premature heartbeats, dizziness, drowsiness, increased sweating, muscular incoordination, alcohol intolerance, hallucinations, and anemia, some of which is due to copper deficiency. More than 2 grams of zinc taken in one dose will usually produce vomiting. If not, it will likely lead to other symptoms until the body clears the excess zinc. Luckily, only a certain amount of it will be absorbed.

Zinc may interfere with copper absorption, so taking regular zinc supplements without copper can cause copper deficiency. This will interfere with iron metabolism and possibly cause anemia, as copper and iron are important in red blood cell formation. We usually need supplemental copper and vitamin A to balance the effect of extra zinc. Some formulas, for example, Nutrilite’s product, A plus Zinc, contain vitamin A and zinc together, which improves the effect of both; additional copper, about 2 mg., might also be supplemented daily, though at another time than the zinc.

• Diet—low in zinc or high in copper; high in fiber, phytates, clay, alcohol, or phosphates, all of which bind zinc in the intestines and reduce absorption; food grown in low-zinc soils.
  
  
• Aging—when zinc absorption and intake are often reduced.
  
  
• Pregnancy—when zinc needs are increased.
  
  
• Growth periods—infancy, especially with increased copper intake levels and for those on low-zinc formulas; puberty, especially in adolescent boys.
  
• Birth control pills—use of these increases copper levels and thus reduces zinc.
  
• Premenstrual symptoms—associated with low zinc.
  
• Increased copper intake—high copper intake in water, food, or supplements will reduce zinc.
  
• Fasting or starvation—causes zinc depletion and increases needs for zinc.
  
• Serious illness or injury—causes zinc depletion and increases needs due to tissue healing.
  
• Hospitalization—stress of illness or treatment, particularly intravenous therapy without zinc supplementation.
  
• Stress—increases zinc use and needs.
  
• Burns—increases needs for tissue healing and dealing with stress.
  
• Acute or chronic infections—greater requirements from stress and for healing.
  
• Surgery—increased requirements for dealing with stress and for healing.
  
• Alcoholism—often associated with low zinc intake and higher needs; alcohol flushes zinc from the liver, causing increased losses.
  
• Diuretic therapy—may cause extra zinc losses.
  
• Psoriasis—rapid skin activity may deplete zinc.
  
• Parasites—cause zinc depletion and poor absorption.
  
• Malabsorption—from pancreatic insufficiency or after gastrointestinal surgery.
  
• Cirrhosis—zinc levels may be half of normal.
  
• Renal disease—causes increased zinc
  
• Chronic disease—metabolic and debilitating disease such as cancer.
  
• Athletics—increased zinc losses in sweat.
  
• Cadmium toxicity—interferes with zinc absorption and utilization.
  

Other problems associated with low zinc levels are peptic ulcers, pernicious anemia, cystic fibrosis, and mongolism.

Zinc deficiency is very likely more common and more complex than previously thought. It was first identified in Iran and Egypt in 1961, in male dwarfs with slow growth and poor sexual development. The unleavened bread that is a staple in the diet there is high in the phytates that bind zinc, and a type of clay used for cooking in Iran also ties up zinc. Zinc treatment was found to help these conditions, stimulating growth and sexual development.

Aging is one of the main factors in zinc deficiency. However, some recent environmental changes have also contributed to the deficiency problem. Soil losses and losses due to food processing are two of the main factors in zinc depletion in foods. With the change from iron- and zinc-containing water pipes to copper ones, not only is zinc intake decreased, but the additional copper interferes further with zinc absorption. The average diet, especially one with low protein intake, supplies only 8-11 mg. daily (the RDA for adults is 15 mg.).

In general, both infants and adolescents have more zinc deficiency, as do the elderly and women, often due to low intake. With the average American diet, we need to eat about 3,400 calories to obtain our 15 mg. of zinc, and most people do not eat that much. Good-quality food is needed, and therefore poor people are more likely to experience zinc shortages.

The subject of our diet and zinc deficiency is an important one. The all-too-typical advanced technology, antinature diet that is high in refined grains, fat, sugar, convenience foods, and fried meats, is often low in zinc and many other important trace minerals and B vitamins. Also, strict vegetarians and consumers of much grain and little animal protein may not obtain sufficient zinc.

There are many symptoms and decreased body functions due to zinc deficiency. It may cause slowed growth or slow sexual development in the pubertal years. Lowered resistance, fatigue, and increased susceptibility to infection may occur with zinc deficiency, which is related to a decreased cellular immune response. Sensitivity and reactions to environmental chemicals may be exaggerated in a state of zinc deficiency as many of the important detoxification enzyme functions may be impaired.

Children with zinc deficiency may show poor appetite and slow development, have learning disabilities or poor attention spans, and in later years have acne and decreased sexual development. Dwarfism and a total lack of sexual function may occur with serious zinc deficiency. Fatigue is common.

Acute deficiency may cause hair loss or thinning, dermatitis, and decreased growth. Both poor appetite and digestion are also experienced by adults with zinc deficiency. Loss of taste sensation may occur, as can brittleness of the nails or white spots on the nails, termed leukonykia. These and most other symptoms can be corrected with supplemental zinc. Sulfur may be helpful as well. Skin rashes, dry skin, and delayed healing of skin wounds or ulcers may result from zinc deficiency, and stretch marks, called striae, are also produced by this condition. Zinc and copper are both needed for cross-linking of collagen, and when they are low, the skin tissue may break down.

Zinc deficiency may cause delayed menstruation in teenage females or, in later years, cause menstrual problems. In addition to zinc, vitamin B6 often also helps correct this. Females on birth control pills usually have elevated copper levels and need additional zinc and B6. When zinc is further reduced by the increased copper, depression is more likely, a common side effect of birth control pill use. Morning sickness in pregnancy may result from low zinc and B6 levels, and supplementing these nutrients may help reduce symptoms.

Male teenagers with low zinc have delayed or absent sexual development. Sterility may result from zinc deficiency; when it is caused by testicular degeneration, it may be irreversible. Subtle zinc deficiencies may be responsible for male growth lag in puberty. Even in sexually developed males, low zinc levels have been correlated with a decrease in testosterone levels and a lower sperm count. Prostate problems are more prevalent with zinc deficiency.

Birth defects have been associated with zinc deficiency during pregnancy in experimental animals. The offspring showed reduced growth patterns and learning disabilities. In humans, children with zinc deficiency have decreased intelligence and erratic behavior. With zinc treatment, the IQ and behavior may both improve if the problem is related to zinc deficiency.

Requirements: The RDA for zinc in adults is 15 mg., with additional amounts needed during pregnancy and lactation. Yet the average diet contains only about 10 mg. of zinc. And when zinc needs are considered, we likely need even more than 15 mg. per day to be sure we are meeting our requirements. Adequate amounts can be met by a good diet, especially with good protein and calorie intake. Vegetarians can eat more whole grains; even with some of the zinc binding to grain phytate, we still get a fair share into our body from these zinc-rich foods. Since absorption is about 30-40 percent, our total zinc body tissue needs are about 4-6 mg. per day.

We probably need 15-30 mg. of available (elemental) zinc daily for maintenance and probably about 30-60 mg. for treatment, though more is sometimes used. Fifteen mg. of zinc is often included in general supplement formulas. Separately, zinc gluconate and sulfate in reasonable amounts are used commonly without any side effects, though zinc gluconate is usually a little better tolerated than zinc sulfate. The amino-acid-chelated zinc is probably the best tolerated and absorbed though it is more expensive. Zinc sulfate tablets or capsules of 220 mg. provide 55 mg. of elemental zinc. A supplement labeled “zinc 25 mg. as gluconate” should provide 25 mg. elemental zinc. In medical treatment or research, zinc sulfate 220 mg. may be used two to three times daily, supplying about 100-150 mg. of available zinc for absorption. This dosage is usually tolerated fairly well.

Although 30-60 mg. of elemental zinc per day is the usual therapeutic level, more may be needed to correct zinc deficiency. Taking zinc alone two hours after meals or first thing in the morning will increase absorption by reducing the competition with other nutrients, such as calcium and copper, or food constituents such as the phytates and fibers in grains. With infections, burns, before or after surgery, in pregnancy, or with aging (often accompanied with lower absorption), 50-75 mg. per day is suggested as a therapeutic dose.

When taking higher amounts of zinc, we must make sure we get adequate amounts of copper-at least 2-3 mg. supplemented, and possibly more with higher zinc intakes-so copper deficiency does not occur. The suggested zinc to copper ratio is about 15:1. About 200 mcg. per day of selenium should also be taken, to prevent depletion by supplemental zinc. Zinc may be taken with magnesium, vitamin C, and B complex vitamins, but it is best to take a regular vitamin-mineral combination with 15-30 mg. of zinc in proper proportion to other minerals, so that deficiencies of zinc or imbalances of the other minerals do not occur.

Phytolaccaceae

Names: Pokeweed.

Habitat: N. America

Collection: The root should be unearthed in the late autumn or spring.Clean it and split lengthwise before drying.

Part Used: Root.

Constituents: * Triterpenoid saponins; the phytolaccosides A, B, C, D& E. Based on the

aglycones phytolaccagenin and phytolaccicacid

* Lectins; mixture known as `pokeweed mitogen’, consisting of a series ofglycoproteins

Actions: Anti-rheumatic, stimulant, anti-catarrhal, purgative,emetic.

Indications: Poke Root has a wide range of used and is a valuableaddition to many holistic treatments. It may be seen primarily as a remedy foruse in infection of the upper respiratory tract, removing catarrh and aidingthe cleansing of the lymphatic glands. It may be used for catarrh,tonsillitis, laryngitis, swollen glands, mumps. Itwill be found of value in lymphatic problems elsewhere in the body andespecially for mastitis, where it can be used internally and as apoultice. Poke Root also has a use in rheumatism, especially where it islong standing. Care must be taken with this herb as in large dosage it ispowerfully emetic and purgative. Externally as a lotion or ointment it may beused to rid the skin of scabies and other pests.

Priest & Priest tell us that it is a “stimulating and relaxingalterative: promotes the removal of catabolic wastes and the products of fattydegeneration. Specific for skeletal congestions, and for serous and glandulartissues.” They give the following specific indications: Chronicrheumatism and arthritis, neuralgia and lumbago.Tonsillitis and parotitis, mastitis, ovaritis,orchitis. Enlarged thyroid and lymphatics.

Ellingwood considered its most direct actions in “inflammation ofglandular structures, especially of the lymphatic glands. Pains of a rheumaticcharacter from deficient catabolism are relieved by it. It is directlyindicated in irritation, inflammation and ulceration of mucous membranes inrheumatic subjects, sanious ulcers, scabies, tinea capitis, psoriasis and allskin diseases. It is especially valuable in the squamous variety of skindiseases” In addition he recommends it for the following patholgies:inflammations of the throat, forms of diphtheria, goitre, adenitis,mastitis, glandular and skin disorders, syphilitic disorders, varicoseulcers, psoriasis, dermal abscesses, fissures, boils, carbuncles. Membranousand spasmodic croup.

CAUTION: In large doses Poke Root is a powerful emetic and purgative.

Combinations: For lymphatic problems it may be used with Cleavers orBlue Flag.

Preparations & Dosage: Decoction: only small amounts of this herbshould be used. Put l/4 teaspoonful of the root in a cup of water, bring to aboil and simmer gently for l0-l5 minutes. This should be drunk three times aday. Tincture: take l/4 ml of the tincture three times a day.